Other equivalent terms in use include z-value, z-statistic, normal score, standardized variable and pull in high energy physics. Standard scores are most commonly called z-scores the two terms may be used interchangeably, as they are in this article. This process of converting a raw score into a standard score is called standardizing or normalizing (however, "normalizing" can refer to many types of ratios see Normalization for more). It is calculated by subtracting the population mean from an individual raw score and then dividing the difference by the population standard deviation. Raw scores above the mean have positive standard scores, while those below the mean have negative standard scores. In statistics, the standard score is the number of standard deviations by which the value of a raw score (i.e., an observed value or data point) is above or below the mean value of what is being observed or measured. ![]() ![]() Comparison of the various grading methods in a normal distribution, including: standard deviations, cumulative percentages, percentile equivalents, z-scores, T-scores For other uses, see Z-score (disambiguation).
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